View source for Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

{{Short description|Treatment and research hospital in New York City}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox hospital
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| name = Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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| caption = Main entrance on York Avenue
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| header = History
| image1 = Radium_laboratory_workshop,_c1918.jpg
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| caption1 = A radium laboratory at Memorial Hospital, 1918
| image2 = Memorial_Hospital_(formerly_New_York_Cancer_Hospital),_c1930.jpg
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| caption2 = Memorial Hospital, 1930
| image3 = MH-land_donation,_c_1937.jpg
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| caption3 = Rockefeller's York Avenue land donation, 1937
| image4 = Memorial sloan-kettering cancer center.jpg
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| caption4 = The relocated Memorial Hospital building, built between 1936 and 1939, standing on its present location on York Avenue
| image5 = Groundbreaking-SKI,_June_23,_1946.jpg
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| caption5 = Groundbreaking at the Sloan Kettering Institute, 1946
| image6 = New York Cancer Hospital Panoramic.JPG
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| caption6 = The original [[New York Cancer Hospital]] built between 1884 and 1886, now housing, at 455 Central Park West and 106th Street in Manhattan
}}
'''Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center''' ('''MSK''' or '''MSKCC''') is a cancer treatment and research institution in [[Manhattan]] in New York City. It was founded in 1884 as the '''New York Cancer Hospital'''. MSKCC is one of 72 National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers. It had already been renamed and relocated, to its present site, when the '''Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research''' was founded in 1945, and built adjacent to the hospital. The two medical entities formally coordinated their operations in 1960, and formally merged as a single entity in 1980. Its main campus is located at 1275 York Avenue between 67th and 68th Streets in Manhattan.

In ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''{{'s}} 2021–2022 Best Hospitals, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) is ranked the second-best hospital for cancer care in the nation after MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

==History==
===New York Cancer Hospital (1884–1934)===
The hospital was founded on the Upper West Side of [[Manhattan]] in 1884 as [[New York Cancer Hospital]] by a group that included John Jacob Astor III and his wife Charlotte.

Around 1910, James Ewing, a professor at [[Cornell University]]'s medical college, established a collaboration with Memorial Hospital with the help and funding of industrialist and philanthropist James Douglas, who gave $100,000 (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|0.1|1910|r=1|fmt=c}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) to endow twenty beds for clinical research, equipment for working with radium, and a clinical laboratory for that purpose. Douglas' enthusiasm and funding for development of radiation therapy for cancer inspired Ewing to become one of the pioneers in developing this treatment. Ewing soon took over effective leadership of clinical and laboratory research at Memorial. In 1916 the hospital was renamed again, dropping "General" to become known as '''Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases'''. 

The first fellowship training program in the U.S. was created at Memorial in 1927, funded by the Rockefellers. and was featured on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] as "Cancer Man Ewing"; the accompanying article described his role as one of the most important cancer doctors of his era. He worked at the Memorial until his retirement, in 1939. and it was said of him that "the relationship of Ewing to the Memorial Hospital can best be expressed in the words of Emerson, 'Every institution is but the lengthening shadow of some man.' Dr. Ewing is the Memorial Hospital".

===Memorial Hospital and the Sloan Kettering Institute (1934–1980)===
In 1934, [[John D. Rockefeller Jr.]] donated land on York Avenue for a new location. Two years later, he granted Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases (Memorial Hospital) $3.0{{nbsp}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|3|1936|r=1|fmt=c}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US}}) and the hospital began their move across town.

In 1948, Cornelius P. Rhoads became the director of Memorial. Rhoads had run chemical weapons programs for the United States Army in World War II, and had been involved in the work that led to the discovery that nitrogen mustards could potentially be used as cancer drugs. He fostered a collaboration between Joseph H. Burchenal, a clinician at Memorial and Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings at [[GSK plc|Burroughs Wellcome]], who discovered 6 MP; the collaboration led to the development and eventual wide use of this cancer drug.

From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s Chester M. Southam conducted pioneering clinical research on virotherapy and cancer immunotherapy at MSK; however he conducted his research on people without their informed consent. He did this to patients under his care or others' care, and to prisoners. Southam's research experiments and the case at the Regents were covered in ''[[The New York Times]]''.

In 1960, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center was formed as a new corporation to coordinate the two institutions, and John Heller, the former director of the National Cancer Institute was named its president. At the end of the 1960s, as the field of pediatric oncology began seeing success in treating children with cancer, Memorial opened an outpatient pediatric day hospital, partly to deal with the growing number of cancer survivors. 

In the early 1970s, Burchenal and Benno Schmidt, a professional investor and trustee of MSK, were appointed to the presidential panel that initiated the U.S. federal government's War on Cancer in the early 1970s. When Congress passed the National Cancer Act of 1971 as part of that effort, Memorial Sloan Kettering was designated as one of only three Comprehensive Cancer Centers nationwide. 

In 1977, Jimmie C. Holland established a full-time psychiatric service at MSK dedicated to helping people with cancer cope with their disease and its treatment; it was one of the first such programs and was part of the creation of the field of psycho-oncology.

===Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (1980–present)===
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| image1 = Memorial Sloan Kettering entrance at night (First Avenue) (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = Schwartz Cancer Research Building, 1250 1st Ave
| image2 = Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Rockefeller_Outpatient_Pavilion.jpg
| caption2 = Rockefeller Outpatient Pavilion, 160 E 53rd St
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In 1980, Memorial Hospital and the Sloan-Kettering Institute formally merged into a singular entity under the name Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

In 1990 it entered an agreement with [[Amgen]] to receive royalties for recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, the basis for neupogen and neulasta, earning the institute well over $100 million. 

In 2000, former NIH director [[Harold Varmus]] became director of MSK.

In 2006, MSK opened the Mortimer B. Zuckerman Research Center, a 23-story building that houses over 100 laboratories. In 2009 it opened the Evelyn H. Lauder Breast Center. 

In 2010, Craig B. Thompson, an oncologist and researcher, was appointed MSK's president and CEO. The following year, MSK was rated the third most successful nonprofit in terms of FDA-approved drugs and vaccines, behind the National Institutes of Health and the University of California system. In 2012, Thompson appointed José Baselga as physician-in-chief, who directed the clinical side of MSK. That same year, a collaboration with [[IBM]]'s Watson was announced with the goal of developing new tools and resources to better tailor diagnostic and treatment recommendations for patients. The director of SKI, the research arm of MSK, Joan Massagué was appointed in 2013. Baselga resigned in September 2018 after information came out regarding millions of dollars he received from pharmaceutical companies without disclosing a financial conflict of interest.

In 2015 it opened the Josie Robertson Surgery Center for outpatient surgeries, named in honor of the wife of philanthropist Julian Robertson. 

In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved an MSK-developed immunotherapy, CAR-T, for certain applications in leukemia and lymphoma. The FDA approved the first academic or commercial tumor identification test MSK-IMPACT in November 2018.

In 2020 it opened The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care as an outpatient facility. 

In April 2022, MSK announced a $50 million donation from The Starr Foundation to aid in expanding funding for basic cancer research and discovery science. The donation will establish The Starr Foundation programme for Discovery Science at the Sloan Kettering Institute, the goal of the institute is to drive next-generation cancer breakthroughs.

In June 2022, a small trial of an experimental treatment found that tumors vanished in all 14 patients diagnosed with early stage rectal cancer who completed the study by the time it was published.

MSK has expanded into regional sites, including in Westchester County, New York, Commack, Hauppauge, Rockville Centre on Long Island, and Bergen County, Monmouth County, and Basking Ridge in New Jersey.

MSK currently employs over 1,200 physicians and treats patients with approximately 400 types of cancer annually.

==Associated facilities and programs==
[[File:Bendheim Sloan-Kettering 1 Av 74 St jeh.jpg|thumb|Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center]]
The Memorial Sloan Kettering Bendheim Integrative Medicine Center had occupied 1429 First Avenue on the corner of East 74th Street in [[Manhattan]]. The former bank was built in the 1930s by Perkins and Will as architects. It was remodeled for use by Memorial Sloan Kettering in 1997.

The Center for Image-Guided Intervention was opened in June 2010 in the Memorial Hospital building to oversee image guiding activities across MSK. In October 2012, the Sillerman Center for Rehabilitation was opened, moving rehabilitation out of Memorial Hospital and closer to the Rockefeller Outpatient Pavilion.
[[File:525 East 72 apt & 73 St MSK jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Koch Center (right)]]

The New York Proton Center opened in 2019 as a partnership between Memorial Sloan Kettering, Montefiore Health, and Mount Sinai Health System. The center was the first Proton therapy center to open in New York state. The David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center opened at 530 East 74th Street between York Avenue and FDR Drive January 2020. Perkins Eastman designed 750,000sq ft facility in collaboration with Ennead Architects, and ICRAVE. Thornton Tomasetti served as structural engineer, with Jaros, Baum & Bolles providing MEP engineering.

===India Center===
The center launched its India facility in Chennai in August 2022, to provide telemedicine services in collaboration with iCiliniq to facilitate second opinion from the cancer specialists, without the need to travel to a U.S. facility.

== Training ==
Approximately 1,700 medical residents and Fellows are in training at MSK. There are 575 postdoctoral researchers training at MSK labs and a combined 288 PhD and MD-PhD candidates.

In 2004, the Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences was opened at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The first students graduated in 2012. As of January 2019, the dean of the graduate school is cell biologist Michael Overholtzer. The founding dean, serving for over a decade, was molecular biologist Ken Marians.

The Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program is a partnership of MSKCC, Weill Cornell Medicine, and The Rockefeller University. The dual degree program takes advantage of the close proximity of these three institutions for collaboration on biomedical research and medical training. MSKCC also has an academic partnership with Weill Cornell Medicine known as the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences.

== Notable faculty ==
===Presidents===
The following individuals have served as president, first of the overarching corporation (1960–1980), and later of the combined hospital (1980 onwards).
* John R. Heller, 1960–1961
* Richard D. Vanderwarker, 1962–1971
* David Walsh, 1971–1973
* [[Lewis Thomas]], 1973–1980
* Paul A. Marks, 1980–1999
* [[Harold Varmus]], 2000–2010
* Craig B. Thompson, 2010–2022
* Selwyn M. Vickers, 2022–

===Presidents of the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases===
* John E. Parsons, 1884–1915
* Herbert Parsons, 1915–1917
* George C. Clark, 1917–1919
* Herbert Parsons, 1919–1923
* Walter Douglas, 1924–1932
* Harry P. Robbins, 1933–1944
* Reginald G. Coombe, 1945–1950
* [[Laurance Rockefeller]], 1950–1958
* [[B. Brewster Jennings]], 1958–1961
* Ogden White, 1962–1964
* John M. Walker, 1965–1973
* [[James D. Robinson III]], 1974–1980

===Presidents of the Sloan Kettering Institute===
* Frank A. Howard, 1945–1959
* Frank L. Horsfall, 1960–1971
* Leo Wade, 1971–1972
* Robert A. Good, 1973–1980

===Others===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* James P. Allison
* Jae H Kim
* Chris Park - Drexel Graduate
* Steven Sinchi
* Ghause Ali
* Dustin Wong
* Kathryn V. Anderson
* Murray Brennan
* Carol L. Brown
* Samuel Danishefsky 
* Nori Dattatreyudu
* Lisa DeAngelis
* Jeffrey Drebin
* Jimmie C. Holland
* Maria Jasin
* David Kissane
* Iris Long
* Scott W. Lowe
* Joan Massagué
* Kenneth Offit
* Lloyd Old
* Nikola P. Pavletich
* Mark S. Ptashne
* James Rothman
* Alexander Rudensky
* Valerie Rusch
* Charles Sawyers
* Lorenz Studer
{{div col end}}

==Reputation==
In 2015, Charity Watch rated Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center an "A".

==See also==
*MD Anderson Cancer Center
*National Comprehensive Cancer Network
*Tri-Institutional MD–PhD Program
*Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
HCG Cancer Centre

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sloankettering.edu|title=Gerstner Sloan–Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences|website=Sloan Kettering}}
*{{cite web|url=http://weill.cornell.edu/gradschool|title=Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences|website=Cornell}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/research/ski|title=Sloan Kettering Institute|website=MSKCC}}
*{{cite web|url=https://library.mskcc.org/|title=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Library|website=MSKCC}}

{{Children's hospitals in New York State}}
{{Hospitals in New York City}}
{{Upper East Side|state=collapsed}}

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